How can product innovation help build competitive advantage for Essay

By what means can item development help manufacture upper hand for corrective firms in London Case Unilever - Essay Example The scientist states that exceptional rivalry from globalization, increasingly modern buyers from the fracture of business sectors, and consistent changes in innovation have constrained the organizations over the most recent two decades to concentrate on the procedure of item improvement. These three powers that lead to the procedure of item improvement likewise strengthened rivalry between firms. As per Porter the procedure of item improvement is portrayed by the proceeding with need to explore new materials and presentation of developments in their product offerings. This reality can be viewed as a significant factor to intensity in the division. In this profoundly serious and globalized world, as per Gerry and Whittington, organizations have changed the manner in which they lead business. Be that as it may, association must bring new thoughts, for example, item development and the executives, which can be utilized as an apparatus to accomplish higher profitability. The advanced ve nture world is loaded with development that can help manufacture upper hand. In for all intents and purposes each field organizations are confronted with new items, new procedures and new administrations which are accessible to the buyer advertise at a pace never observed. The speed of the changes of the most recent decade is intriguing even in the biggest companies.To accomplish a place of market administration it isn't the item quality that issues; item development is a basic fixing to increase upper hand. Items, procedures and administrations are the new total qualities which create favorable circumstances over contenders. Pioneers have an extensive favorable position over different members in different purchaser markets. (Burgelman and Grove 2007). In the previous decade, item advancement has been drawn nearer by numerous creators, researchers, agents and scholastics. Each business needs to be imaginative, yet they at times experience impediments and challenges which hinder the way to item development. In attempting to be creative in the interest to increase upper hand, an association can confront a few troubles. For example, there could be limitation of assets or they could experience issues in actualizing an ecological and an inventive hierarchical culture that develop because of the obstruction (Makari 2000). Furthermore, they may not arrive at a reasonable degree of development. The beauty care products industry incorporates the territories of individual consideration, perfumery and beautifying agents. The beautifiers organizations center around item advancement to increase upper hand. The item advancement process, as indicated by Gill and Johnson (2011), is described by the proceeding with requirement for research in new materials and presentation of developments in its product offerings. This reality can be viewed as a significant factor to accomplish intensity in the area. There is heterogeneity in this industry, as a result of the nearness of huge global organizations, broadened and had practical experience in the part of beautifying agents, is diverged from countless little and medium-sized organizations with activities centered in the creation of beauty care products (Gill and Johnson 2011). As per Gerry and Whittington (2011) transnational enterprises embrace methodologies characterized concerning the advancement of new items by putting resources into particular focuses of innovative work (R and D), in associations that are outer and in the board forms with organized information. Little and medium estimated organizations regularly do not have the essential money to do innovative work. They are troubled of venture or a monetary money related circumstance as they know about the dangers natural in new item advancement. Likewise, a large number of these organizations don't have information the board basic for item improvement forms.. London dominatingly has the nearness of l

The causes and effects of smoking Research Paper - 1

The circumstances and end results of smoking - Research Paper Example Moreover, it is seen that smoking slaughters a bigger number of individuals than HIV, liquor, street mishaps, suicides, and different killings do. Moreover, about 90% of lung malignant growth passings are because of (Smoking and Tobacco Use). In any case, when the inquiry with respect to for what reason do individuals smoke is raised, the appropriate response originates from Hughes (1) that they smoke since they are dependent on nicotine. Another better explained answer originates from Cockerham (4) that individuals keep smoking despite the fact that it gives a disagreeable sensation at the outset since individuals figure out how to smoke by having different people decipher the experience for them and show them how to appreciate the alluring sensation overlooking the unwanted. It appears that individuals master smoking as a social action, and it regularly starts in peer gatherings. It normally takes birth in pre-adult gatherings who are almost certain to mimic grown-ups to look develop. It is regularly utilized as a weapon to intrigue others. Be that as it may, at some point or another, they begin smoking in any event, when they are distant from everyone else, and build up their reliance on nicotine. In a meeting with Gilchrist (How Best to Quit Smoking: Interview with Dr. Randy Gilchrist), he brought up that individuals keep on smoking in any event, when they realize that their wellbeing is dissolving in light of the fact that for the smokers, the smoking propensity is associated with their numerous regular exercises and passionate states. A significant number of these exercises go about as the triggers to smoke, and in his words, for them, cigarette is something like a ‘reliable old companion that offers unwinding, comfort and focus’ (How best to stop smoking, Interview with Dr. Randy Gilchrist). As indicated by Butler and Hope (362), there are seven reasons that can be brought up at this point. The first is that a few people feel great utilizing cigarette. It may be the inclination of social acknowledgment. As per some others it is the most ideal route for unwinding. One more class is partial to the flavor of cigarettes. Another indispensable disclosure is that cigarette offers

Origins and Traditions of Hanukkah

Origins and Traditions of Hanukkah Hanukkah: The Festival of Lights Home›Education Posts›Hanukkah: The Festival of Lights Education PostsOver 2,000 years ago, the Syrian King whose name was Antiochus ruled in the country known today as Israel. He intended to force all the Jewish people who lived there to worship the Greek gods. The Jews didn’t want to do this and rebelled under the leadership of Judah Maccabee and his brothers. Their rebellion lasted for 3 years, and eventually, the Jews managed to drive the Syrians away from the country.When the rebellion was ended, the Jews started eliminating all Greek symbols from the temple of Jerusalem. They finished doing this on the 25th day of the month of Kislev. Afterwards, they decided to put the eternal flame there. However, they had a very small amount of oil that was enough to last only for a day. But the Jews decided to light it anyway and, according to the legend, they were surprised to see that it lasted for eight days!As a commemoration of these events, peopl e celebrate Hanukkah today. The celebration lasts for eight days. People light candles on a menorah, also known as a Hanukiyah, which has nine spaces for candles. One of them is called Shamash. It is the first to be lit, and all other candles are lit from it. A next candle has to be lit on every night of celebration. Since the Jewish calendar is based on moon cycles, Hanukkah, as well as other Jewish holidays, falls onto different dates every year. Sometimes it begins on December 25, just like Christmas.If you usually don’t celebrate Hanukkah but are interested in taking part in this holiday to honor the Jewish culture, you can get involved in several ways, such as:1. If you have Jewish friends, ask whether you can celebrate with them. It will be a very interesting and engaging way to learn their cultural traditions. 2. Get a menorah in a ceramic store and light the candles on it in accordance with the tradition. 3. Cook a traditional meal for Hanukkah, which is latkes â€" potato pancakes served with applesauce and sour cream. 4. Use Hanukkah colors (white, silver and blue) to decorate your home.Try to celebrate Hanukkah this year to learn more about the Jewish culture and get the experience you’ve never had before.

What Is the Crime of Solicitation

Solicitation is the offering of compensation for goods or services that are prohibited by law. Solicitation can be requesting, encouraging, or demanding that someone else commit a crime, with the intent to contribute to the commission of that crime. For a solicitation to take place, the person requesting the criminal activity must have the intent that the crime be committed, or the intent to engage in the criminal activity with that person. Solicitation Examples The most common form of the crime of solicitation is prostitution, which is offering money to someone to have sex. But solicitation can be committed in the commission of any crime, such as murder or arson. The actual crime does not have to take place for someone to be charged with solicitation. As long as the request was made and compensation offered, the crime of solicitation has taken place — whether or not the person follows through on the criminal behavior. For example, if a person requests money in exchange for sex, the person receiving the request does not have to agree or follow through with the request for the person making the request to be guilty of solicitation — as long as the intent to follow through with the request exists. If the request is acted on, then it becomes a criminal conspiracy. Also, criminal solicitation can be a chargeable offense, regardless of whether the person approached by the solicitor understands that a crime is being requested. For example, if an adult approaches a child and offers money in exchange for a sexual act, it is not necessary for the child to understand what the act is for the person requesting it to be charged with solicitation if the intent is shown. Disproving Criminal Solicitation Many states have specific statutes regarding criminal solicitation, including what kind of defense can be used at trial. To get a not guilty verdict for solicitation, the defense will try to prove one or more of the following: Entrapment.There was no intent to commit the crime.  The request was never made.The solicited person lacks credibility. Penalties There is a misconception that the penalties for criminal solicitation are less harsh when compared to punishments issued when an actual crime has occurred. However, the punishment for criminal solicitation can be equal to the punishment for the actual crime, and when it is not, it is often only a minor downgrade.   Actual Case Brett Nash, 46, from Granite City, Illinois was sentenced in federal court to the maximum statutory sentence of 20 years in prison after pleading guilty to the crime of solicitation for a violent crime on December 4, 2012. At the sentencing hearing, Nash argued that he did not have the intent to murder. In response, the prosecution played several recorded conversations between Nash and his wife and between Nash and the confidential witness, leading the judge to conclude that the intention to murder the victim was clear. The recordings were of Nash telling his wife to lure the victim, a Granite City lawyer, from his home. At this point, Nash and the witness would kidnap the victim and take him back to his house, rig him with a fake explosive device and take him to his bank. Here, they would force him to withdraw all his money under the threat that Nash would detonate the explosive. The recordings also indicated that Nashs initial plan was to electrocute the victim by putting him in a hot tub and throwing a radio in the water. He would then throw in a cat and electrocute the cat to make it look like the cat had accidentally knocked the radio into the hot tub. However, one of the recordings indicated that on the day Nash was arrested, he told the witness that he wanted two guns for the robbery because the victim was going to commit suicide, implying that he and the witness would shoot the victim and make it look like a suicide. Dead men dont talk, said Nash in one of the recordings. Double Jeopardy A person cannot be convicted of criminal solicitation and of the crime that they solicited. When the offense of criminal solicitation is the lesser offense, it is included with the more serious offense. If, for example, a person is on trial for kidnapping, that person cannot be put on trial later for soliciting a person to commit the same kidnapping. To do so would be considered trying the person twice for the same crime (double jeopardy), which goes against the Fifth Amendment. Source Levin, Sam. Illinois Man Sentenced for Plot to Abduct Man, Use Fake Bomb, Electrocute Him, Frame a Cat. Riverfront Times, May 3, 2013.

Essay on Organizational Behavior - 775 Words

Organizational Behavior Project â€Å"Blow Up† 1: What happened to the A-Team? The A-Team was forced to disband because from the very first tasking, there was conflict between the group members. The group never actually came together to complete their first tasking of defining roles. The arguments between the group members got so bad that one of their team members walked out for the group and threatened to quit the program. Why did the group process break down? The group process broke down because there was never a group. This group began with a group of five individuals who had strong opinionated views as of the relevancy of their professions and experience. Instead of getting together as a group and mutually deciding how†¦show more content†¦Katie didn’t even recognize Pranarisha as a Thai and just assumes her being Vietnamese. Power Differentials: Aran felt that he should be the leader of the group because he has the most experience in the group. He also feels that the rest of the group is young and inexperienced therefore have no business being the leader. Katie feels that she has more experience in finance than Aran therefore the rest of the group feels that experience doesn’t necessarily relate to leadership. Communication Problems: It seems that all members of the group had willingness to openly disagree with each other. The women felt they needed to maintain â€Å"face† to the men in the group. There was no amount of time devoted to establishing personal relationships. This can be seen by Katie not knowing that Pranarisha was of Thai descent and barely even knew her name. All members spoke assertively, especially with Rebecca who immediately assumed Aran was stereotyping and discriminating against women. Pranarisha didn’t speak English but her walking away from the group probably spoke the largest volume of all the group members. 3. 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The American Dream Reasearch Paper Free Essays

Zac Duncan Mrs. Hill English 6th February 3, 2013 Many people believe the American Dream today has faded. It is no longer achieved as often as in the past. We will write a custom essay sample on The American Dream Reasearch Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Although obtaining the Dream has become difficult, people still haven’t stopped pursuing it. Despite the obstacles, the American Dream is still full of hope and enlightenment both financially and emotionally. The American Dream is known for its positive connotation, but there are many obstacles surrounding it. According to, â€Å"Obstacles to the American Dream†, by Eddy Isango, the Dream is toughest for immigrants. Many immigrants have problems learning the English language. When they arrive it is as if they have to start all over. Immigrants also don’t receive state benefits such as health care and food stamps. They have to find jobs that provide these for them, which is tough with the lack of job opportunity and rising cost of living in America. Financial obstacles of the American Dream can be overcome. Rieva Lesonsky encourages people to get over these hills by saying, â€Å"Acknowledge the hard times† (Lesonsky 1). People believe the Dream is changing. â€Å"Today, they say, the ‘dream’ is more likely about making money†, (Lesonsky 1). People have moved towards opening small businesses to achieve their financial dreams. These businesses, over time, increase the revenue of the people. The American Dream is still filling the emotional needs of people. Jeremy Pratt has dealt with a learning disability his whole life, but doesn’t let this stop him from achieving his dream as he says: ‘I’ve always had to work a bit harder than my friends without disabilities,’ says the 28-year-old. ‘But I finally feel like I’m on the way to having what everyone dreams of. ’ Pratt’s diligence in saving money is paying off; he plans to start house hunting as early as 2013. Blatt 1) Jeremy is achieving his life-long goal of buying a house filled with his art. He fought through his disability and obtained what he wanted. The American Dream still has appeal to Americans today. People still strive for a better life for themselves and their families. The freedoms of America allow for people to obtain their financial and emotional dreams that they have longed for. Works Cited Blatt, Burton, Jeremy Pratt. Achieving the American Dream. February 5, 2013 Isango, Eddy. Obstacles to the American Dream. February 3, 2013 Lesonsky, Rieva. The American Dream is Alive and Well-and Transformed. February 3,2013 How to cite The American Dream Reasearch Paper, Papers

Marketing Does More Harm to Society Than Good free essay sample

The purpose of this paper is to critically evaluate the statement; â€Å"Marketing does more harm to society than good† This is done by outlining why the statement is made and then to present arguments for the relevance of marketing in society. 2. Introduction to Marketing Marketing has been a foundational study for many business schools since the 1950s and the practice has flourished internationally due to marketing’s universal concept of achieving value for the business firms and its customers. During the 1950s a management expert named Peter Drucker lead the development of the â€Å"marketing concept†, which asserted that firms must create value for customers and see the business from the customer’s point of view. This concept of â€Å"customer orientation† depends on all functional groups of the firm to adopt this type of management thinking (Drucker, 1954). Then in 2008 the American Marketing Association defined marketing as â€Å"an organization function and a set of processes for creating, communication, and delivering value to customers and for managing customer relationships in ways that benefit the organization and its stakeholders. Harm of Marketing to Society In the 1950s the role of marketers in society was directly criticized by two commentators, Vance Packard and Kenneth Galbraith, who viewed the practice as immoral and self-seeking. These attacks were primary directed at the commercial aspects of marketing and more specifically at the advertising industry. In the next section of the paper we will look at Parkard’s and Galbraith views of marketing and also consider the view of Naomi Klein, who is a modern critic of how marketing harms society. 3. Criticism of Marketing in the 1950s. In Vance Packard’s 1957 book, The Hidden Persuaders, he describes the psychological dominance of advertising and how marketers look for the why of our behavior so that they can more effectively manipulate our habits and choices in their favor (Packard, 1957). His argument was that marketing made people buy things they did not want or purchase products that were bad for them. Packard raised two points of concern. First, if we suspect all organized communication is manipulated, then how can we know what to elieve? Second, Packard deemed the manipulation of our psyches disrespectful of the individual personalities (Packard, 1957). Schools of marketing may have been the scapegoat for deceptive advertising practices because of influences by Freudian psychoanalytic concepts and techniques in business during that time. In Ernest Dichter’s Harvard Business Review article in 1947, he discusses how both businessman and psychologist are interested in what makes people tick, what motivates them, and how consumers can be molded and influenced (Dichter, 1947). Dichter’s article further mentions motivation research, marketing strategy, and a technique for influencing consumer behavior. Dichter’s psychoanalytic approaches to marketing at the time caused damage to the budding field of marketing and were heavily criticized by Packard. In Kenneth Galbraith’s 1958 book, Affluent Society, he argued that sales promotion and advertising activities motivate people to consume more without making them better off because their desires were artificially created by marketers (Galbriath, 1958). Thus, in affluent societies, ever-increasing levels of production and consumption do not equate to an increased level of social welfare (Dutt, 2008). This relationship between consumption and welfare (happiness) was termed the â€Å"Dependence Effect† by Galbraith. Galbraith foresaw grave consequences flowing from this preoccupation with consumption and growth. He felt it imperiled economic security from the runaway growth in consumer debt that is part of the salesmanship activities (Stanfield, 1983). In Friedrich Hayek’s 1961 response to the â€Å"Dependence Effect,† he outlines why Galbraith’s conclusion does not logically flow from previous examples and statements in the Affluent Society. Heyek’s counter-argument is based consumers’ acquisition of taste through cultural interactions and socialization versus through channels directed by want-creating activities of producers (Hayek, 1961). 3. 2 Modern Criticism of Marketing Branding In Naomi Klein’s 2002 book, No Logo, she â€Å"skewered the role of brands in contemporary culture and the insidious power of corporations to infiltrate institutions throughout society, including schools and hospitals† (Rutland, 2009). This anti-corporate sediment was triggered by branding practices creating artificiality by stretching the notion of value and not taking into consideration aspects of corporate social responsibility. Brand equity mania in the 1980s was defined by the moment when Philip Morris purchased Kraft for $12. 6 billion, an amount six times its book value. The price difference between balance sheet valuations and the price paid was attributed to the value of the word and images related to â€Å"Kraft†. This meant that for the first time a big monetary â€Å"value had been assigned to something that had previously been abstract and unquantifiable: a brand name† (Klein, 2002). Klein goes on to describe how corporations’ choice of marketing over value defined a shift in thinking where the product was mere filler to branding. Nike, for example, leverages the deep emotional connection that people have with sports and fitness. With Starbucks, we see how coffee has woven itself into the fabric of peoples lives, and that is our opportunity for emotional leverage (Klein, 2002). In the case of both Nike and Starbucks we see how the concept of capturing emotional appeal through branding allows for a premium price, above and beyond intrinsic value, to be charged. As Nike CEO Phil Knight explains: For years we thought of ourselves as a production-oriented company, meaning we put all our emphasis on designing and manufacturing the product. But now we understand that the most important thing we do is market the product. Weve come around to saying that Nike is a marketing-oriented company, and the product is our most important marketing tool. † (Geraldine, 1992) In contrast to Klein’s work, Peter Doyle, through work on value-based branding strategies looks at how marketing professionals diluted the problem of building successful and lasting brands by not considering stakeholder impact. This is due to how brands can have a strong consumer connection and emotional appeal yet still not generate value for investors. â€Å"Marketing has overwhelmingly focused on the importance of developing an attractive consumer proposition† (Doyle, 2001). Doyle does however identify that financial orientation and profits depend crucially on the ability of the firm to satisfy its customers thereby shifting the focus to value-based activities of marketing. 4. Benefit of Marketing to Society After the assaults on the practice of marketing in corporations during the 1950s Philip Kotler in 1967 published â€Å"Broadening the Concept of Marketing† to refute accusation by critics like Packard and Galbraith. Kotler encourages readers that â€Å"marketing is a pervasive societal activity that goes considerably beyond selling of toothpaste, soap and steel†. This is because the true nature of marketing is a function the drives product improvement, pricing, distribution, and communication in order to serve and satisfy human needs (Kotler and Levy, 1967). The next section of this paper looks at the role of marketing in satisfying a higher social purpose. 4. 1 Product Improvement The notion of product improvement as a social factor in marketing was initially described in Wendell Smith’s 1956 article â€Å"Product Differentiation and Market Segmentation as Alternative Marketing Strategies† and more specifically the concept of product differentiation was based on Edward Chamberlin’s â€Å"Theory of Monopolistic Competition. † Smith’s view came from a marketer’s perspective, whereas Chamberlin’s view was purely economic in nature. Through the use of information on consumer needs and wants gathered through research and evaluation of the society, marketers develops products amp; services that satisfy societal needs. For example to satisfy the emerging need and demand for an eco-friendly automobile, Toyota developed the Toyota Prius. Using an electric motor and conventional engine together with smart recharging system equals reduction of fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. Product differentiation is not only equitable to the firm but provides a social benefit through continuous product improvement and innovation. In Castro and Desender’s study in 2010, they consider technological change and innovation through product differentiation to be at the very heart of the competitive process and the major driver of economic growth (Castro and Desender, 2010). They also refer to Porter’s remark about the central importance of â€Å"innovation as the origin of competitive advantages is particularly relevant in the case of dealing with a product innovation that generates a high improvement on the consumer surplus or the price people are willing to pay resulting in profitability. Milton Friedman once argued â€Å"there is one and only one social responsibility of business – to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits† (Friedman, 1970). Sustainable profit margins play an important role in business but today we know more about how business contributes to society. â€Å"Good firms bring innovation to the marketplace, which facilitates their growth. Innovative, growing firms generate economic growth and employment, which, in turn, greatly improves people’s lives† (Ahlstrom, 2010). 4. 2 Pricing, Distribution and Communication In 1984 Theodore Levitt brought into the spotlight a relatively neglected debate. Levitt’s article â€Å"The Globalization of Market† advocated a standardized global marketing program versus a very narrow local adaptation. He contends that the â€Å"traditional strategy of tailoring its products to the needs of multiple markets may put it at a severe disadvantage vis-a-vis competitors who apply marketing imagination to the task of developing advanced, functional, reliable, standardized products, at the right price, on a global scale† (Levitt, 1984). Walmart in the USA, through supply chain optimization, is able to deliver products at best prices for the consumer, thereby meeting consumer expectations and providing product variety, and freedom of choice. Walmart considers customer preferences in making stocking decisions, maximizing efficiency and passing the savings back to the customers. Products that are manufactured all around the world and developed based on the prefaces of a wide range of cultures can be offered to distant customers as reasonable prices. Global convergence in consumers’ preference can be explain how â€Å"almost everyone everywhere wants all the things they have heard about, seen, or experienced via the new technologies of communication and distribution. There is a ubiquity of desire for the most advanced things that the world makes and sells-goods of the best quality and reliability at the lowest prices† (Levitt, 1984). 5. Conclusion Between 1980 and 2000 there was a paradigm shift that begins to unify the various divisions of marketing in major areas such as â€Å"customer and market orientation, services marketing, relationship marketing, quality management, value and supply chain management, resource management, and network analysis† (Vargo and Lusch, 2004). â€Å"A dominant logic began to emerge that largely views marketing as a continuous social and economic process in which operant resources are paramount† (Vargo and Lusch, 2004). This paramount shift in marketing was due to â€Å"service dominate logic† (S-D) which focuses on the building relationships that involves the customer developing customized, competitively compelling value propositions to meet specific needs through exchange of tangible (goods) and intangible (services) resources. Although S-D logic provides a framework for understanding how business and the process of value creation fosters sustainability and stakeholder thinking, it is focused only on economic value related to resources with little focus on societal and ethical consequences. Through research done by Bo Enquist and Samuel Sebhatu we see attempts of further unification of marketing concepts. The shift is now towards the inclusion of sustainable business practices with service dominate logic. Sustainability has five dimensions; ethical, social, â€Å"nature-philosophic†, economic, and legal (Enquist, 2005). â€Å"Sustainable Service Dominant Logic† was labeled to argue that value-based co-creation of the S-D logic framework can be used to create values-based services for sustainable business by examining the link between CSR and S-D logic based on values and service quality for sustainable business (Sebhatu, 2010). CSR is commonly defined as concepts and strategies involving the voluntary integration of social and environment dimensions into a firm’s business operations and stakeholder interactions. Enquist and Sebhatu used Ikea as a case study of how a firm can combine low prices, economics of scale, innovative thinking, service quality and CSR in order to develop a sustainable business model. IKEA is driven by social values, economic values, and communications (sharing). These functional qualities ensure that the design is attractive to customers and the environmental impact of packaging is minimal. The American Marketing Association has created a statement of ethics for promoting the highest standard of professional ethical norms that are expected and maintained by society and/or professional organizations (AMA, 2004). At the top of this listing of standards is that as â€Å"marketers, we must do no harm, this means consciously avoiding harmful actions or omissions by embodying ethical standards and adhering to all applicable laws and regulations in the choices we make. This shows that marketers are fully aware of the possible negative aspects of marketing but understand it is in their best interest to maintain ethical values and do no harm to society. Therefore through this critical analysis and review of the body of marketing knowledge it can be concluded that it is not the intent of marketing to do harm to society but to sustain relationships with stakeholders and possibly improve people’s lives. 6. Bibliography

Types of Soil free essay sample

This is how one sixth-grader describes the way of playing video games. Such video games can seem like harmless fun, but what if the violence gets personal and addicts young teenagers, affecting their behavior and their view of reality? Some studies have shown that violent game players just do not leave it there on their game screens; they transfer the violent acts they get attached to, to the real world. Violent games have been shown to increase game player’s quest to experiment how all that stuff will look like in the real world. There is no doubt that violent video games have no effect on certain people, but for the most and especially in teenagers, the effects are negative and have led to fatalities and destruction of properties in certain instances. Although some parents claim that violence video games have bad effects on teenagers because they’re behavior changes, teenagers play too much violent games because they are very addicting. We will write a custom essay sample on Types of Soil or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some parents say that violent video games have bad effects on young teenagers. But most video- game players have normal lives. Most important, just because a player does not instantly take or follow violence found in video games does not mean the games will not have negative result on that player’s views and behavior. The violent games will have negative effects on teenagers. Young teenager’s behavior will have a big change. Because of this case, parents should be responsible for buying video games and should forbid young teenagers from buying those games that are violent. If parents do not take the responsibility than teenagers do not know what they are doing and what is good for them. Before teenagers take a big wrong step, parents should be there to take care of the situation. I have a little nephew in seventh grade and he loves violence video games. He loves playing call of duty. My aunt always gives him the money to buy any game that he likes. He loves the smell of money. She never checks to see what game he might have bought. Because of her not being responsible, my little cousin always gets into school fights with other children. So every parent must be responsible for their own child. Some parents say that violent video games have bad effects on young teenagers because a number of people claim that playing a violent video game does present a bad threat to user’s health. For an example, I have a younger brother who is seventeen years old. He loves playing violent video games. Every day, when he is home from school with his spiky brown hair, he starts playing the WrestleMania game. He does not eat anything and he talks to himself while playing the game. He does not realize that his behavior is changing by playing violent video games. One time, he tried to kick me in my stomach but a police man saw him and told him to stop. My parents made him quit playing violent video-games. Ever since he stopped playing violent video games his behavior has changed a lot. He now realizes he was out of control and it is all because of the violent video games. He sold his Xbox to one of his close friends. I am glad my parents took good care of it because it is their responsibility to look after their son. Some parents say that violent video games have bad effects on young teenagers because; there was a shooting in Colorado movie theatre. Twelve people were killed and fifty eight were injured by a graduate student. The guy who killed all these people was a very educated man. But he lost his sense of humor. He was out of control. People thought that the shooting was a part of the movie also. He was dressed up as the joker from the movie batman. Later the doctors found out he had some type of brain damage watching too much violent movies and playing games. So, he was not okay in his head. His behavior made so many people lose their lives. So many people lost their loved ones that day. And again violent community and games can damage people’s brains. Some parents say that violent video games have good effects on young teenagers because violent games can be new information to some teenagers, because it is something new and different from their daily lifestyle. They think violent games can help their child with memorization because it provides pretty text to look at. The video games have nice graphics for teenagers. It helps a teenager look at new information and advances them. Some parents think that teenagers learn better by looking at graphics and text that are provided by violent games. Parents think new and different inspires teenagers and games inspire them in a good way. But mostly business owner parents are saying this. But at the end of the day, it is every parent’s job to be responsible for their own child. Parents should pay more attention to their children while children are playing violent video games.

Las Tejanas 300 Years of History essays

Las Tejanas 300 Years of History essays Las Tejanas: 300 Years of History is the story of, in the words of its introduction, women of Spanish-Mexican origin in Texas (xv). Well researched and written by Teresa Palomo Acosta and Ruthe Winegarten, the non-fiction work attempts to fill in the gaps in the literature on Tejanas while capitalizing on recent primary source discoveries. The work offers a comprehensive look on women of Spanish-Mexican origin in all aspects of life from their origins as Natives to recent political advancements of Tejanas in the United States. A fine accomplishment, there is great evidence and detail and no area regarding these women is excluded from the work. While there is little theme to Las Tejanas, as sections are often unrelated, short, and disjointed, the general idea is the advancement of the women of Spanish-Mexican origin from their earliest days to their liberated accomplishments of the present. The authors accomplish this theme offering little analysis or bias and offer little of the ir own commentary in the work. Thus Las Tejanas reads almost as a fact sheet or a non-opinionated textbook, but the excellent level of detail and the scope of coverage make it an admirable work on the subject of Tejanas. It is difficult to summarize a work as broad in scope as Las Tejanas because the work covers nearly every conceivable aspect of these women of Spanish-Mexican origin. It, however, begins with an important introduction that defines the term and the importance of this study. This is critical that in reading this work, one understands the definition of who is being discussed as well as why it is important and where this work stands in relation to other literature on the subject. The authors use the term Tejana to define the woman who is the study of their subject, but there also are some related terms (xvi). In general, it is very clear who the subject is at this is important as is the aim of the boo...

Write about a time when you failed and what did you learn from it Essay

Write about a time when you failed and what did you learn from it - Essay Example The fact that I was going to join a private school in Nashville only made the whole experience more difficult. My parents felt that joining Ensworth would provide me with better education and a safer learning environment. In addition, they felt that the school environment would give me with the opportunity to develop enriching relationships. I wish they were right, but they were not. It subsequently took a whole year for my parents and me to agree that the school was not the ideal environment for me. I spent my entire freshman year at Ensworth trying to fit in the social circles. I discovered that I was working too hard to fit in. This was made difficult by the fact that I did not agree with conforming to different values from those I believed in, just to fit in. I did not know who to trust or relate to. I slowly realized that the students there had developed their friendships over the years, some since kindergarten. This made me an outsider, and on their part, they had difficulty letting in a new person into their groupings. It was then that I started to talk to my parents to transfer me to a public school. My parents were extremely reluctant to entertain this idea. This made me feel like a failure. I was disappointed in myself and I felt trapped. Over a period of time, my parents came to appreciate my predicament. It took long and painful discussions, some fighting, and frantic begging on my part. Eventually, they let me switch schools to Hillsboro High School. Hillsboro High School is a large, independent public school with a very diverse student population. After moving from Ensworth, I no longer had the gourmet lunches. There were no large spacious classrooms and state of the art fitness centers. However, I felt truly happy at Hillsboro. The refreshing burst of diversity and realness became two key principles in finding many friends and ultimately, my self. I quickly loved the feeling of not being judged or criticized for my thoughts and

Inception of Activity Based Costing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Inception of Activity Based Costing - Essay Example Activity-based costing enables reasonably accurate allocation of overheads. The activities in an organization are spread across the organizational processes and value chain. The traditional methods of costing faced severe criticism due to inaccuracies. While it is easy to apportion direct costs to individual products in a company with a wide product mix, it is difficult to apportion indirect costs to the products. Therefore traditional methods sought estimates to assign overhead costs. In the earlier paradigm, Labor costs constituted a substantial part of the total cost of manufacture. Therefore direct labour costs were used to assign the overhead costs to various jobs relating to the manufacture of products. But today there has been a paradigm shift with technology pervading the value chain replacing a large chunk of Labor by automated processes. The proportion of materials cost in many industries has augmented with the dwindling of labour costs. Similarly increasing automation and shrinking life span of machines have led to the increase in capital costs. T here has also been a concomitant increase in overhead costs pertaining to information technology and depreciation of expensive plant and machinery, maintenance and utilities in most industries. In the new paradigm, the companies found direct labour as the basis for apportionment of overheads inaccurate to capture the costs for the products. The companies, therefore, used machine hours instead of direct Labor for apportioning the overhead costs. With the growing complexity of manufacturing processes, neither direct Labor nor machine hour would suffice as bases for allocation of overhead costs to processes of products. Therefore the new circumstances demanded multiple bases for allocation of overhead costs. These factors paved the way for the evolution of activity-based costing, which uses multiple bases for overhead allocation.  Ã‚  

Issues for Women in Law Enforcement

Issues for Women in Law Enforcement Women were not considered for law enforcement employment unless it was in a typical job in the profession such as, special units, desk and office jobs and received lower pay. While women were often thought of as being weaker in this profession, they fought to be recognized by constantly trying to prove themselves to be better in a male dominated arena. Women have had their struggles as officers in the police system, they have made advances that wouldnt have been heard of in the early 1900s Overall, women have made great strides in non-traditional careers since the 1950s. With changes in society, cultures and legal mandates have cleared the way for women to become members of law enforcement as well as other male dominated jobs in America and other areas in the world. Compared to the last ten years, law enforcement has changed to meet the demands of a continuing diverse society. We have better trained, educated, and a more diverse law enforcement to help better deal with the issues in our communities. Women were not readily welcomed to this male dominated arena. The role woman played to make this happen has been challenging. Historically, women have always been part of the general workforce in American society, although usually in jobs that fulfilled traditional female employment roles, such as such as nurses, secretaries, schoolteachers, waitresses and flight attendants. Shusta,et al. (2005). In 1845, the first women to be hired by the New York City Police Department were called matrons. In 1888 Massachusetts and New York passed legislation require communities with a population over 20,000 to hire police matrons to care for female prisoners. The early history of women police consisted largely of social service, in which women had to meet higher standards for police employment; Women police officers were given duties that did not allow or require them to work street patrol. Assignments and roles were limited to positions such as juvenile delinquency and truancy prevention, child abuse, crimes against women, and custodial functions. Probably one of the most damaging acts to police officers was their denial to perform basic patrol duties. One of the main reasons for this was male officers also tend to be protective toward women. Being socially conditioned to protect women, they would insist that female officers remain in the police car during traffic stops or arrest. When women were finally given the right, as a Federal law mandating equal opportunity regardless of gender or race, to perform general police work and serve on patrol, they demonstrated their fitness for police work. In many smaller departments, women still hold less than ten percent of law enforcement positions. The National Center for Women and Policing reports that nearly 90 percent of all law enforcement agencies require a physical agility test for job applicants. Women face challenges when hiring practices include physical benchmarks based on male aptitude tests which require more upper body strength than women have, is a practice that has seen some changes in recent years. The survey reveals that departments that do not use the test have 45 percent more women on the force than those with the agility exams. Research has shown that women have encountered difficulties due to negative attitudes of men about being police officers. Most women indicated that when they were exposed to offensive behavior by male officers, they remained quiet for fear of negative male backlash. Sexual harassment is prevalent in most law enforcement agencies. Harassment on the basis of sex is a violation of Section 703 of Civil Rights  Act and is defined as unwelcome or unsolicited sexual advances, request for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature. Studies have found that 60 to 70 percent of women officers experienced sexual/gender harassment. Even though harassment exists, only 4 to 6 percent of these women ever reported the harassment. This lack of reporting can be directly attributed to the code of silence in law enforcement agencies and severe retaliation that occurs when women report misconduct. Bureau of Justice Assistance (2001). In a 1995 survey, of female officers in a medium sized department, 68 percent responded yes to the question, Have you ever been sexually harassed while on duty by a member of your agency Shusta,et al. (2005). Most of the women revealed that sexual harassment occurs at all levels of an organization and is not limited to male harassment of women. Women, too, can be offenders when they initiate sexual jokes or innuendoes and use of provocative language with men. This kind of behavior usually results in men countering in a similar fashion, which can contribute to and escalate the problem even more. Shusta,et al. (2005). Becoming a police officer might bring about a more radical change to a womans life than male officers. Even today police work is a predominantly male occupation and there persists the notion that assertiveness, aggressiveness, physical capability, and emotional toughness are male characteristics necessary to perform the job, but when female officers display these qualities they are often perceived as cold, emotionless, and uncaring. Lyman, M. D. (2005). According to male police officers, catching criminals is associated with bravery and danger, making it a mans job. It is believed by male officers that female officers cannot protect their male counterparts in confrontations where strength is required. Women who are accepted into the brotherhood of police or correctional officers have generally had to become one of the guys Shusta,et al. (2005). It is believed that if a woman has a hard walk, tends to be too hard, or too unemotional she may become criticized by her co-workers and supervisors. If she is too feminine or not sufficiently aggressive, men will not take her seriously and she will not do well in either police or correctional work. When women are confronted with a dilemma: they must be aggressive enough to do the job but feminine enough to be acceptable to male peers, and the must also be able to take different approaches to problems. Shusta,et al. (2005). In the corrections arena, male officers argued that women could not handle the violence and confrontations with inmates that occur in prisons. In a recent study it was found that women officers tended to respond to violent situations as aggressively as their male co-workers, and sometimes more aggressively. Women officers also seemed to have less trouble with the inmates than did their male counterparts; although they were harassed when they first appeared on the job. Clear and Cole (2003). Male inmates in minimum custody had surprisingly low opinions of women performing as correction officers, however, maximum custody inmates had high opinions of their competency and felt that such officers would be calm and cool in  problem situations. Female officers were thought to exert a softening influence on the environment making it more livable and less violent. Clear and Cole (2003). The status of women in correctional law enforcement with comparisons between the percentages of women sworn in as state, county and municipal officers indicate a huge difference. (http://www.womenandpolicing.org/PDF/2002_Status_Report.pdf 2010) Although there has been advantages and a broad leap for women in the law enforcement arena there has also been setbacks. Gender discrimination and double standards have always had women thinking that they had to perform and do better than male officers. They are often placed in jobs that are traditionally held by women police officers, such as domestic violence, child abuse, juveniles, and school programs. They are not usually considered for the more traditionally male jobs such as SWAT teams, gang units, narcotics, and homicide. Women usually face the difficult task of having the dual role of parent and career. Issues with child care, maternity leave, family responsibilities, flexible work schedules, job sharing, and mentoring and support groups. This can be especially hard for a single parent. If women had children when they entered law enforcement frequently find that they have a hard time balancing their commitments to family and work causing a significantly higher divorce rate than do male officers and have a lower group than the national female rate. Shusta,et al. (2005). More modernized police organizations try to show support by changing work schedules, being placed on light duty, Disability insurance and paid leave benefits. The proportion of women among sworn police personnel has steadily grown since the early 70s. In 1972 a survey of cities serving populations of 250,000 or more revealed that women comprised of only 2 percent of uniformed law enforcement personnel. In 1978, women made up 4.2 percent of sworn personnel in municipal departments serving populations over 50,000. By the end of 1986, the proportion of women had risen to 8.8 percent of all sworn officers in these agencies and by 1991, 9 percent of police were women. While women may face many difficulties, sexual harassment, gender discrimination, and overall discrimination in the law enforcement field, the lack of women role models is a barrier for many women who are interested in policing as a career. It is essential that departments there are the few that is paving the way for women. In 2003, Annetta W. Nunn took the became Chief of Police in Birmingham Alabama, she sat in a chair once occupied by Eugene Bull Connor, who was an segregationist and a national symbol of the Souths flight against integration who jailed thousands of civil rights demonstrators during the 1960s when Chief Nunn was four years old in 1963. Schmalleger (2005). During her tenure, Chief Nunn was a 23 year veteran of the department heading a force of 838 men and women. In February 2005, Massachusetts had a celebration to its three top women in law enforcement. Boston police commissioner Kathleen OToole leads the nations oldest department. Suffolk county sheriff Andrea Cabral is in charge of 2,500 inmates and Massachusetts corrections commissioner Kathleen Dennehy oversees 18 prisons across the state. Each is the first woman to hold her position. Thompson (2006). In 2006, Cathy Lanier was appointed as the first ever female chief of Police Washington, D.C., by Mayor Adrian Fenty. She officially assumed the position on January 2, 2007. Chief Lanier has been with the Metropolitan Police Department beginning in 1990 with most of her career as a uniformed patrol officer, where she served as the Commander of the Fourth District, one of the largest and most diverse residential patrol districts in the city. She also served as the Commanding Officer of the Departments Major Narcotics Branch and Vehicular Homicide Units. Chief Laniers story is a testimony to overcoming strife and the hardships that life can bring. At the age of 15, she was an expectant mother, and dropped out of high school, but through determination and the willingness to succeed; she continued to pursue her education, despite having family support, she achieved and reached her goal to achieve academic and professional goals in a short matter of time. Premdas, P. (n.d.). Joanne Takasato was Honolulu Hawaiis first undercover female narcotics police officer during the 1980s who broke barriers had almost single handedly taken most of the Hawaiian island of Oahus drug dealers off the streets of Hawaii. Her 394 page book tells the story about how she was forced to sever all ties with family, and friends to create a new identity and lifestyle that would get her accepted into the drug community but to also remain undetected as an undercover officer and had almost lost everything she had known to include her family as well as her sanity in the process. This is some of the examples of some of the police women who have paved the way and proved themselves as mentors for women who would want to pursue criminal justice as a profession. It is essential that departments that want to attract women candidates have women working in a variety of different positions to highlight the many opportunities that a department has to offer and the equity in the promotional process and assignment to special units. Female officers working as detectives, tactical team officers, street supervisors and high ranking administrators need to exist on a department to maintain some sort of written policy on and procedure on recruitment. Law enforcement today is facing a crisis a loss of public confidence and trust in the wake of police scandals that are unparalleled in recent history. Highly publicized incidents of excessive force and police corruption have generated shocking headlines Los Angeles, New York, Texas, Louisiana, New Jersey, Washington, Seattle, and Chicago. Police brutality and corruption lawsuits are costing taxpayers millions of dollars each year and the number and costs are only increasing. With the payouts increasing, taxpayers will demand that officers and their organizations be held accountable for their actions. Lonsway et al. (2003) Research conducted both in the United States and internationally clearly demonstrates that women rely on a style of policing that uses less physical force are better at defusing and de escalating potentially violent confrontations with citizens and are less likely to become involved in situations with use of excessive force. Lonsway et al. (2003) As an additional benefit, female officers often respond more effectively to  incidents of violence against women, a crime that represents approximately half of all violent crimes calls to police. Lonsway et al. (2003) The National Center for Women Policing states that there are six advantages for law enforcement agencies that hire and retain more women: 1. Female officers are proven to be as competent as their male counterparts In one study, female police executives were found to be more flexible, emotionally independent, self-assertive, self confident, proactive, and creative than their male counterpart. 2. Female officers were less likely to use excessive force; One study found that male officers were the target of 50% more insults by citizens and almost three times as many threats or attempts at injury in comparison with their female peers. 3. More female officers will improve law enforcements response to violence against women. A 1985 study found that female officers demonstrated more concern, patience and understanding than their male colleagues when responding to calls of domestic violence. Battered women who had contact with a female officer rated the police response as more helpful than those without such contact. They also rated the performance of female officers more favorably. 4. Increasing the presence of female officers reduces problems of sex discrimination and harassment within a law enforcement agency. One of the most prominent impacts is in promotional opportunities. Male and female officers report the same desire for promotion, yet these opportunities are even seen as less available to women in comparison with their male counterparts. This is likely to be part of the explanation for the higher turnover rate that is consistently seen among female officers, at the academy and on the job. 5. The presence of women can bring about beneficial changes in policy for all officers. The Police Foundation noted in 1974 that the introduction of women will create in incentive to management practices which are less acceptable now that they must be applied to men and women alike. This may result in the development of improved selection criteria, performance standards, and supervision for all officers. 6. Female officers implement community-oriented policing One study found that instructors indicated that female officers have an advantage over their male peers in several areas, including empathy toward others and interacting in a way that is not designed to prove something. Lonsway et al. (2003) In conclusion, throughout history women have made a way for themselves by showing that they can compete with men if they when given the opportunity. As police officers, they have come from being matrons and doing police work that was considered only for women, to being accepted as officers on the force, to becoming Chiefs of Police. Although there are not as many in the force as there should be, police women and chiefs are they are constantly paving the way for the respect and acceptance that is rightfully deserved. Police women should not have to prove themselves to their male counterparts to become a member of a team. Many women have proven to their male counterparts that they can do police work just well as a male, if not better. Police women are needed to close the gender gap and bring a different perspective to policing to make any police force not just unique, but equal.

Differences between men and women Essay

What is the difference between males and females? We notice the different dressing styles, different roles in the workplace and how we spend our leisure time, how we wear our emotions, and also how differently we think. But a question arises. Are males and females really different in every aspect? The first question we ask when a baby is born is: â€Å"Is it a boy or a girl?† Though most people accept most of the socially prescribed roles for the gender they were born with, some struggle against what they see as rigid and arbitrary social norms. In this essay, I will describe and give my input on the roles of human sexuality and gender. Most people think of sex and gender as one and the same when in fact they are not. Wood, Wood, and Boyd (2005) define sex as â€Å"a biological term, while gender is more commonly used to refer to the psychological and social variables associated with one’s sex† (p. 410). In the biological approach, when defining the sociocultural characteristics of masculinity and femininity, cultures look into the behaviors each gender should act upon. Males should be the dominant figure. They should be strong, competitive, be able to stand their ground, confident, and independent. Women on the other had are expected to be the exact opposite. They should be dependent, caring, encouraging, emotional, and nurturing. As children approach the age of two or so, they start to realize the roles such as attitudes, interest, and behaviors, in which males and females are supposed to portray. This is referred to as gender typing. When understanding which roles are to be taken, then they can star t their development. In the psychoanalytic theory, Freud asserts that children’s thoughts about gender occur out of a clash relating to their feelings about their parents. Generally, they would like to tie a bond between the opposite-sex parent but end up doing so with the same-sex parent in order to settle this clash, taking on that’s parent’s gender-related behavior and ideas. â€Å"At the same time, they defer their love for the opposite-sex parent in the hope that someday they will be able to achieve a sexual relationship with a partner who is similar to him or her† (Wood et. al., 2005, p. 411). I can agree with Freud’s psychoanalytic theory to a certain extent. What  would the opposite-sex parent do in a family with no boys or no girls? Would he/she take over some traits that the same-sex parent would give to the children? My mother and father had four boys including myself. Being in the situation my mother was in considering there were no girls, she felt a need to rub off some of her traits to us boys. While my father taught us the game of baseball and how to mow the lawn, my mother taught us our table manners and to how to do the laundry. We shared a bond to both of our parents equally. But overall, we all feel the same way in which we want our future wives to be close to, if not exactly like our mother. In the social learning theory, children look for role models to follow, where they imitate that person and want to be like him/her. But say if a boy started doing something that is out of his gender role, such as trying on his mother’s high heels, he will be informed by his father that it is not appropriate for him to do such a thing. Psychologists say that yes imitating and reinforcing may play a part in the gender role development, but it does not offer a complete clarification of this occurrence. Lawrence Kohlberg’s cognitive developmental theory â€Å"suggests that an understanding if gender is a prerequisite to gender role development† (1966; Kohlberg & Ullian, 1974, p. 412). This theory explains that children go through three stages that are necessary to developing the concept of gender. The first stage happens when the child is around the ages of two and three, which is gender identity, or the sense of being male or female. The next stage occurs at four and five, which is gender stability, the understanding that boys will be boys and girls will be girls forever. Then the last stage is when the child has reached six and eight. It is known as gender constancy, or the knowledge that gender will not change, despite the clothes they wear or the activities they participate in. But Kohlberg failed to mention â€Å"why many gender-role appropriate behaviors and preferences are observed in children as young as age 2 or 3, long before gender constancy is acquired† (Bussey & Bandura, 1999; Jacklin, 1989; Martin & Little, 1990, p. 412). I guess it just depends on the educational techniques used on the children. My brothers and I were taught a lot at a very young age, so we had a little bit of a head start. Like the cognitive developmental theory, Sandra Bem’s gender schema theory (1981) emphasizes that children begin to use gender as a way to pick up and sort out information. But the gender schema theory says that this process happens earlier with the gaining of gender identity other than gender constancy. Also like social learning theory, the gender schema theory indicates â€Å"young children are motivated to pay more attention to and behave in ways consistent with the gender-based standards and stereotypes of their culture† (Wood et. al., 2005, p. 412). I think television can become a major factor in a child’s behavior because they can watch shows that are unsuitable for their viewing, and while growing older they can become more fascinated with sexual activity. When becoming sexually involved with another person, both males and females experience four phases of when engaged in sex, called the sexual response cycle. The first phase is the excitement phase, and this is simply when the female undresses for the male and the male uses verbal expressions of affection to stimulate the female. The blood flow starts pumping and the heart beats faster and faster until they reach the second phase, which is the plateau phase. Here excitement keeps rising for the preparation of the third phase, the orgasm. While males only have one, females can have multiple. After that, everything starts to slow down and goes back to its unaroused state. This is known as the resolution phase or the tapering-off period. Sexual activity varies from culture to culture. Furthermore, â€Å"what is perceived as sexually attractive in males and females may differ dramatically† (Woods et. al., 2005, p. 421). Agreed, differences in attraction may occur, even with the same sex. Someone’s sexual orientation describes the preferences at which someone is attracted to either the opposite or that of their own sex. Studies show that males are twice as likely to be homosexual than females. Berenbaum & Snyder (1995) say that if the androgens, or hormones that make one masculine, are too high or too low, can make the brain develop more masculine or feminine which homosexual orientation is more likely. Most of the time it is all in the genes, but other times it is that person’s choice to be homosexual, even  if others may not be on the same page. Some people can be homophobic, which in my view is extremely improper. Whoever thinks that it is wrong should take a step back, let those people live their lives and start worrying about their own. I have known many people who were homophobic and it just pushed my buttons to see how cruel they can be to someone with a different sexual orientation. I do see where they are coming from, on the other hand. I do think it is weird to see two homosexual men holding hands or kissing, but I always come to an understanding that they are who they are and nothing can change that. They want to feel the comfort of another. In general, they want to love just as much as heterosexual couples do, so I praise them for that. With homosexual activity and even heterosexual activity, there comes a price if a couple chooses to have unprotected sex. There are many sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), but the major ones are Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis, which all can be cured by antibiotics. Chlamydia and gonorrhea are critical to women because if they in fact do have any of these, they do not have any early stages of infections. Since they do not treat it on time, then it can lead to infertility. Viral STDs include genital herpes, genital warts, and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), which cannot be cured. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the virus that causes AIDS. It attacks the immune system, and can cause cancer or other dysfunctions. In order to prevent spreading STDs one should avoid sex with multiple partners, and also use a latex condom with a spermicide. With the growing rate of STDs nowadays, and the amount of television commercials informing teenagers and adults to practice safe sex and get tested for HIV or AIDS, I do not understand why people still have unsafe sex. It is not that difficult to â€Å"strap up† before â€Å"doing the deed† or â€Å"keep it in your pants,† that is unless you are prepared to have a child and have been tested along with your partner. I have known many males and females who have had unprotected sex and regret ever doing so, a couple of which becoming pregnant. From their point of  view, they feel lost because they cannot support their children and give them the attention they need in order to have a secure, fulfilling childhood.

Reflection †IOM Future of Nursing Essay

Knowledge can give nurses greater power to take action and lack of knowledge can leave nurses powerless to provide safe or effective care ( Innocent, 2011). During this difficult economic time many recruiters prefer to hire experienced nurse with knowledge. To gain knowledge one must have education. Education makes a difference in how we perceive things, provides in depth study of nursing research, leadership, management, and helps understand social, cultural, political and economic issues that affect patients and influence care. According to the IOM report in Recommendation 4: to increase the proportion of nurses with a BSN to 80% by 2020. Increasing the level of education, increases not only knowledge but gives in depth study of other fields in nursing and research. Earning a BSN degree will make one more confident to deliver safe and quality care. Research has shown the importance of baccalaureate education in relation to patient outcomes. Nurses need to educate themselves because they are the ones who provide almost all direct patient care in the hospitals and other areas. IOM report is a wakeup call to nurses who just have their diploma or associate degree to enroll into the BSN program. Having a BSN degree is preferred in much hospital as an entry level standard. Therefore completing BSN gives more opportunities for leadership and management job, helps provide quality care and improve patient safety, and helps the nurses participate in research projects. Another recommendation put forth by the IOM is Recommendation 5: Double the number of nurses with doctorate degree by 2020. Healthcare needs more nurses with doctorates to educate nurses, lead change and advance health care in America. A higher degree of clinical skill and knowledge enhances the leadership skills and keep with the pace of  the growing demands in healthcare. Nurses need to get their doctorate which gives them more autonomy, money and power. Have a doctorate degree, helps build up on what you already know and use the clinical skill learned in research, create and bring about change for the better in the lives of the patients. There are more jobs open for a doctorate in nursing in the field of research, labs, universities, administrative positions in the hospitals and insurance company. Ensure lifelong learning as per IOM recommendation 6: Ensure learning to keep up with the demand of the changes in technology, and gain competencies needed to deliver care of diverse populations. Lifelong learning contributes to the development of knowledge and skill in nursing. A focus on continuous learning is necessary to remain current on trends, practices, and the newest treatments in the field of nursing(Wetters, 2011). Increasing education gives every nurse the confidence to compete in the job market. Knowledge and skills learned can be enhanced through education and lifelong learning experience to keep up with the pace of the growing needs of the healthcare industry. Every nurse should engage in a learning process to keep up with the challenges of this century. Nurses have given a wide scope of practice and one should take advantage of that to enhance oneself to better job where one can help train the new generation of nurses. Education will always be an assess in today’s job market as well as in the future. Every nurse should encourage and support one another to higher learning. Reference Innocent, K. (2011. January). Knowledge, A Power Source for Nurses. Nursing center. Retrieved on April, 13 from http://www.nursingcenter.com/Blog/post/2011/01/14/Knowledge-A-Power-Source-for-Nurses.aspx http://www.thefutureofnursing.org/recommendation/detail/recommendation-6 Wetters, K. (2011, January). Culture of Lifelong learning in Nursing. Fostering a culture of curiosity. Retrieved on April 13, 2013 from http://www.rightathome.net/foxvalley/blog/culture-of-lifelong-learning-in-nursing-joliet-illinois/

Corruption in Pakistan - 2133 Words

Corruption Outline 1. Introduction 2. Definition (According to) a. Transparency International b. World Bank and Asian Development Bank c. In the Context of Pakistan 3. Types of Corruption d. Petty Corruption e. Grand Corruption f. Political Corruption 4. Corruption in Islamic teaching 5. Quaid-i-Azam on corruption 6. Causes of corruption g. Political Instability h. Law and Order Condition i. Unemployment j. Lack of education k. Poor governance l. Moral Culture 7. Report about Corruption in Pakistan m. Transparency International Report 8. Remedies or Solution n. Transparency o. Equal Distribution Of National Resources†¦show more content†¦Army’s frequent interventions have never given chance to flourish democracy in our country. Our political leaders are also responsible for this situation because our leaders focus on personal or vested interests instead of national interests. They have always tried to achieve their vested interests in the garb of politics. They have never respected the norms of democracy. That’s why our country has failed to develop healthy political institutions and lasting democracy. 2. Law and Order There are lot of problems regarding law and order. Terrorist attacks create uncertainty in stock markets and people earning from stock are getting loss due to which the whole country faces uncertain increase in commodity prices. 3. Unemployment Pakistan is poorly faced with the problem of unemployment. The existing unemployment rate is 15%. Thousands of young doctors, engineers and other educated people are out of job. There are no opportunities for youth to utilize their capabilities or abilities in right direction. Pakistan is facing the problem of brain drain due to unemployment because we are unable to utilize their precious hands in the progress of the country. The most horrible part is that it is rising every year it will show to be risky for the economy of Pakistan. It has negative impact on society. 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